The first Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia from September 5 through October 26, 1774, was not a legislature with powers, but only an advisory council. Twelve of the thirteen colonies were represented by a total of 56 delegates. Georgia sent no delegates but agreed to support any decisions. Important delegates included Samuel Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and John Adams.

The intent of the Congress was to improve relations with England rather than bring about independence. It summarized its positions in a Declaration of Rights, adopted on October 14, 1774. While not asking for representation in the British parliament, the Congress demanded that each colonial assembly be granted broad legislative powers.